Project Index
Bridge & Structures
New Projects 
Gusset Plate Connections in Steel Truss Bridges
Funding: $100,002 CSR (Bridge) and FHWA
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Harvey Coffman
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
This study will use the FHWA Guide to load rate the connection capacity using advanced finite element analysis and attempt to develop prioritization techniques to identify critical checks that could be used to identify critical gusset connections. Furthermore, the proposed study will specifically determine the proper values for unbraced length and buckling coefficient for plates in compression, as well as the necessary plate stiffness requirements to allow the development of the plastic resistance in shear. The new approach should enable bridge engineers to evaluate the capacity of gusset plates in a more expedient manner, allowing those gusset plates with near critical demand-to-capacity ratios to be identified for further, more refined, analysis and/or retrofit.
What We Hope to Accomplish: A new approach for evaluating the capacity of gusset plates in a more expedient manner. This will allow for better retrofit strategies.
Evaluation of Retrofit Design for the Columns in the Aurora Avenue – George Washington Memorial Bridge 
Funding: $248,054 CSR
Research Team: Washington State University
Technical Monitor: Craig Boone
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The proposed project will test 1/3-scale column specimens representative of columns existing in the Aurora Bridge. Seven column tests are planned, encompassing both as-built and retrofitted column specimens. Both solid columns and split columns modified to eliminate the split will be tested under cyclic lateral loading to investigate the expected performance under seismic loading. The main objective of the project is to evaluate the performance of the FRP wrapping of the cruciform-shaped columns for enhancing shear strength, with particular interest in the ability of the reentrant corner anchorage detail to develop the full strength of the FRP wrapping.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The goal is to evaluate different retrofit schemes for the unique columns and determine what retrofit works best, structurally and aesthetically.
Construction
New Projects
Design of Foundations with Steel Casings 
Funding: $75,000 SPR
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Bijan Khaleghi
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
In January 2008, the AASHTO code began using a 1,000 year earthquake criteria. This increase in earthquake forces also affects soils and the possibility of liquefaction. Foundations for new bridge designs are now requiring deeper piles or shafts to accommodate these forces. If WSDOT can take advantage of the strength of the combined steel casing and the confined concrete, we can minimize the depth of the shaft or pile and save money and construction time.
What We Hope to Accomplish: If design parameters can be determined to take advantage of steel casings in combination with reinforced concrete, then the length of the piles or shafts could be shortened thus taking less time and money to build a new bridge. Results will be used to update the Bridge Design Manual and future bridge designs.
Continuing Projects
New Quality Assurance Test Method to Detect Drilled Shaft Defects
Funding: $100,000 SPR
Research Team: University of South Florida 
Technical Monitor: Mo Sheikhizadeh
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
WSDOT constructs drilled shafts using the wet method and typically accepts them based on the successful results of the Cross Sonic Log testing. This method of Quality Assurance testing can only verify the quality of concrete inside the shaft core and does not provide for verification of the quality or adequacy of the concrete cover on the outside of the shaft rebar cage. There is a lack of reliable test methods to verify the quality of concrete throughout the entire drilled shaft (including the concrete on the outside of the rebar cage), so we are interested in a new test method to determine the quality and adequacy of the concrete. The researchers are evaluating infrared thermal integrity testing.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The hope is that this research will develop a reliable, practical, innovative, safe, and cost-effective testing method that can verify shaft core concrete quality as well as presence of adequate concrete cover outside the shaft rebar cage.
LRFD Procedures for Geotechnical Seismic Design – Phase I
Funding: $100,000 SPR and $100,000 Caltrans
Research Team: University of Washington and Stanford
Technical Monitor: Tony Allen
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby 
Design of foundations, walls, and other geotechnical elements of transportation infrastructure have migrated to Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) basis using concepts of reliability analysis. This transformation has allowed more uniformity of failure risk, thereby producing more efficient use of design, construction, and maintenance funds. Current procedures for seismic design of geotechnical elements are not LRFD- or reliability-based. The objective of the research is to develop a framework for computing load and resistance factors for the seismic design of geotechnical elements of transportation infrastructure.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This framework will allow determination of load and resistance factors that will, accounting for uncertainties in earthquake occurrence and effects, produce designs with reliabilities consistent with those achieved by LRFD procedures for high-probability loading conditions.
Data Management
Continuing Projects
Software Tools for Sharing and Integrating GIS Data
Funding: $530,000, Pooled Fund (TPF-5(108))
Research Team: WSDOT and CWU 
Technical Monitors: Tami Griffin, Michael Leierer
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
WSDOT established a consortia of public and private entities for the purpose of developing computer based tools that facilitates geo-spatial transportation data sharing and integration for a variety of purposes and uses. Funding for the Geo-spatial Integration and Sharing Data Consortium (GISDC) is via a Pooled Fund arrangement managed by WSDOT. The goal of the consortia is to continue developing, implementing and providing a variety of tools for sharing and integrating of geo-spatial transportation data.
What We Hope To Accomplish: This project will facilitate geo-spatial transportation data sharing and integration. It will reduce costs and increase efficiency by enabling a consortium of public and private entities to collect and combine location referencing and GIS data from multiple agencies to create a complete transportation network and associated location referencing systems.
Environmental Studies
New Projects
Improving Habitat with Engineered Log Jams – Hoh River
Funding: $100,000 SPR
Research Team: U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Technical Monitors: Karen Zirkle, Jim Park
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
Engineered log jams (ELJ’s) are one solution to addressing problems where river erosion threatens a highway. ELJ’s may also improve habitat for fish and other important species. This research will evaluate the habitat created by the ELJ’s placed on the Hoh River in 2004 and also established based line data to do a before and after evaluation at the Hoh River II ELJ project scheduled for construction in 2010.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This research will provide new information on the formation of habitat as a result of the woody debris used in forming an engineered log jam so that the influence of this mitigation on the environment is better understood.
Permeability of Existing Highway Structures for Wildlife Crossings
Funding: $50,000 SPR
Research Team: University of Utah 
Technical Monitor: Kelly McAllister
Research Manger: Rhonda Brooks
Many highways were originally constructed without regard to wildlife movements or wildlife habitat. Despite this oversight, many of the structures such as bridges, culverts and fencing, unintentionally provide wildlife crossing facilities. Some crossing facilities do not, but with limited enhancement could facilitate safe wildlife crossings. A system will be developed to evaluate the effectiveness of existing bridges and culverts and begin an inventory and evaluation of structures that allow for permeability and identify those that are in the greatest need of improvement.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The result of this research will be twofold; first it will result in a set of criteria that can be used to evaluate existing structures for their potential use by a wide variety of wildlife species. The second will be an inventory of structures within the construction projects proposed in the six year plan and in the previously identified habitat linkage zones of their relative permeability for wildlife. The criteria can then be applied to the areas identified as wildlife linkage zones in the forthcoming statewide habitat connectivity plan.
Continuing Projects
Noise Attenuation Experiments near Vashon Island Ferry Terminal
Funding: $330,000 SPR and Western Federal Lands
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitors: Rick Huey, Jim Laughlin 
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
This research involves the development and testing of an experimental noise attenuation devise to reduce the level of noise from pile driving in marine waters so that the impact sounds do not harm fish, birds, and other species. A field test will be conducted on the Vashon Terminal improvement project to see of the experimental device is successful in reducing underwater noise levels
What We Hope to Accomplish: To test new methods and procedures for impact pile driving that may reduce underwater noise levels which may lead to greater opportunities for longer construction windows.
Lighting Under Docks for Fish Movement
Funding: $140,000 SPR
Research Team: University of Washington 
Technical Monitors: Rick Huey, Marion Carey
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
Previous studies have indicated that over water structures, such as ferry terminals, docks, etc. cast a shadow line that alters the movements and behavior of juvenile salmon. This research places unique fiber optic lighting under the Port Townsend Ferry Terminal and assess the response of juvenile fish to the lighting application.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This research will provide further data to understand impacts of over water structures and identify potential new technologies to minimize the impacts.
Connecting Habitats and Improving Safety 
Funding: $75,000 SPR and $50,000 TransNow
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitors: Kelly McAllister, Marion Carey
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
Approximately 3,000 collisions occur yearly with deer and elk on state highways, some resulting in serious injuries and fatalities. Such accidents are also a significant source of wildlife mortality and may restrict animal movements through habitats thereby reducing local population sizes. This research will analyze collision data on Washington State highways and identify high risk locations for animal-vehicle collisions.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This research will assist with identifying and prioritizing locations that require countermeasures to reduce vehicle/animal collisions.
GIS Layer for Wildlife Connectivity
Funding: $50,000 SPR
Research Team: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Technical Monitors: Kelly McAllister, Marion Carey 
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
Geographic data, wildlife population data and highway geometric data will be merged to create a GIS layer for Wildlife Connectivity. This information will be useful in highway project development.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This research will produce information that will be valuable to project planners in developing highway improvements that can accommodate wildlife movements in the most cost efficient method and will increase our understanding of where and how wildlife cross in major transportation corridor areas.
Highway Runoff Treatment System Performance
Funding: $300,000 SPR 
Research Team: Washington State Dept. of Ecology
Technical Monitor: Mark Maurer
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
Highway stormwater management is a complex task that involves a number of constraints and regulatory drivers. It involves the science of hydraulics, hydrology, and geology and water quality. The linear nature of highways often poses siting constraints for conventional stormwater management approaches. This research will refine the design criteria for natural dispersion practices, including quantifying the flow attenuation capabilities of certain best management practices (BMP’s); quantifying stormwater treatment and flow attenuation capabilities of soil amendments and vegetative restoration methods.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This ongoing research is helping WSDOT develop new methods to improve management of highway stormwater runoff in order to protect Washington’s water resources.
Freight Studies
New Projects
Improving Statewide Freight Routing Capabilities for Sub-National Commodity Flows (New)
Funding: $180,000 ($100K SPR and $80K CSR) 
Research Team: University of Washington and Washington State University
Technical Monitor: Barbara Ivanov
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
Current national datasets are limited in providing sufficient geographic detail to understand freight flows at a corridor or regional level. To help address this gap, the National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) is funding a study to develop a “Guidebook for Developing Sub-National Commodity Flow Data.” This national research effort will “provide state DOTs and other sub-national agencies with a guidebook for obtaining and compiling commodity flow data useful for their analyses.” We anticipate that the outcome of this work will be particularly useful for WSDOT and other regional planning agencies. In order to build upon this national effort and develop commodity flow routing procedures to be applied at the state (zip code) level, this research will work in parallel with the national study by developing and testing truck routing rules and logic that will be incorporated into the Washington state freight model. When sub-national commodity flow data is available, the state freight model will be able to assign routing choices based on the information developed in this study.
What We Hope to Accomplish: As a result of this project, WSDOT will have a more robust freight data modeling capability. When combined with data collected following the national NCFRP study, WSDOT and other regional transportation planners will be able to provide better information to support the state’s economy and improve decision making, including allocation of benefits and quantification of economic impact from freight investments. WSDOT will use the results to better manage resources for the highest possible return on investments, deliver cost-effective solutions to improve performance of the freight transportation system, be environmentally responsible, and clearly communicate the benefits of freight corridor investments with the public and elected officials.
Continuing Projects
Truck Performance Measures
Funding: $448,000 CSR 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Barbara Ivanov
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
This project is a legislative line-item appropriation for development of a freight database.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The purpose of the database is to help guide freight investment decisions and track project effectiveness. The database will be based on truck movement tracked through geographic information systems technology.
Geotechnical Studies
New Projects
Experimental Evaluation of P-Y Curves Considering Liquefaction Development
Funding: $35,882 CSR 
Research Team: University of California San Diego
Technical Monitor: George Humphrey
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The objective of this project is to experimentally determine nonlinear p-y curves at various levels of earthquake-induced excess pore pressure. These experimentally developed curves will support computational modeling of soil-pile systems, including those anticipated at the Columbia River Crossing project. Test data from this experiment will be used for model validation. The validated model will then be used to extend the parameters of the test series to, for example, deeper soil deposits, larger pile diameters, various excess pore pressure ratios, etc.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This work will result in a report summarizing the experimental methods, data analysis and post-processing, and findings of the study to further support computational modeling efforts.
Continuing Projects
Subsurface Drainage for Landslide and Slope Stabilization
Funding: $300,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(151))
Research Team: Washington State University and Desert Research Institute 
Technical Monitor: Tom Badger, Steve Lowell
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The objectives of this research are to provide best practices and guidance for subsurface drainage applications for slope stabilization, including subsurface investigation and testing, groundwater-flow characterization, analysis, drain configurations and design, installation methods, monitoring, and maintenance. This project will evaluate new applications of existing materials and technologies, such as trenchless technologies (horizontal directional drilling, micro tunneling, guided boring, etc.) and other innovative technologies and materials, for stabilizing slopes using subsurface drainage.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Design guidelines to assess site conditions and develop a drainage system to increase slope stability.
Strength and Deformation Analysis of MSE Walls at Working Loads 
Funding: $600,000 Pooled Fund (SPR-3(072))
Research Team: Royal Military College of Canada
Technical Monitor: Tony Allen
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The work performed under this pooled fund study has developed an improved method for internal stability design of Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls, the K-Stiffness method. This method appears to produce a more cost-effective design for MSE walls as compared to the AASHTO Simplified Method. The K-Stiffness method has only been developed and validated for high quality sandy backfill soils. The next two phases will extend the K-Stiffness method to 1) marginal quality backfill materials and 2) full-scale field walls that will be monitored for validation.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The validation of the K-Stiffness method for marginal quality backfill materials and monitoring full-scale walls is necessary to incorporate this method into the AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) specifications.
Intelligent Transportation Systems and Traffic
New Projects
Analysis for Travel Time Data Obtained from Bluetooth MAC Address Matching 
Funding: $125,000 SPR plus $81,000 from TransNow
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Matt Neeley
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
Travel time is one of the variables that travelers and transportation agencies most want to track and understand. The automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) system and the Global Positioning System (GPS) are perhaps the most widely accepted methods for obtaining reliable travel time data; however, they are expensive, difficult to install, susceptible to weather conditions, and subject to privacy concerns. Recently, Bluetooth Media Access Control (MAC) address-based travel time estimation methods started gaining attention from traffic researchers and practitioners because they are relatively low cost and are not associated with any of the aforementioned issues. However, the accuracy of the travel time data collected with this technology has not been systematically studied.
What We Hope to Accomplish: A better understanding of the Bluetooth technology as a possible tool to improve traveler information. This study will develop a Bluetooth MAC Address Detection (MACAD) system and test the system by evaluating travel time data for a highway section against data for the same section from ALPR. With the understanding of error sources for the Bluetooth-based method gained through this study, the researchers will propose error control guidelines for Bluetooth-based travel-time data collection.
HOV Lane Analysis and Monitoring: Phase 10 
Budget: $468,000 CSR
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Matt Neeley
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
The WSDOT has requested that UW TRAC continue to collect performance data on the Puget Sound area’s high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane system.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This project provides information to evaluate the effectiveness of HOV lanes in the Puget Sound area. The monitoring effort will be as multifaceted as budgetary constraints allow. This monitoring effort will cover HOV lane usage (occupancy), violations, person throughput, enforcement issues, and public opinion.
Congestion Management and WSDOT Support
Budget: $461,100 CSR
Research Team: University of Washington 
Technical Monitor: Matt Neeley
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
This project enables UW TRAC assistance to various WSDOT offices to support their analytical requirements for freeway performance monitoring data.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This assistance will take the form of analytical output produced by TRAC (data, graphs, reports, and presentation materials), enhancements to the TRAC FLOW software and technical support to WSDOT users of the software. Potential partners/clients will include (but are not limited to) WSDOT's NW Region, Urban Planning Office, HQ/Traffic, Transportation Data Office, and Urban Corridors Office.
TSMC Intern Program 
Budget: $422,963 CSR
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Morgan Balogh
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
The purpose of this agreement is to enable the UW and WSDOT to cooperatively provide professional experience, training and research opportunities to UW students at WSDOT’s Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) and other WSDOT facilities. These students, under the supervision of WSDOT engineers, will operate the FLOW system and conduct research and analysis tasks as requested.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This project provides: technical expertise to the WSDOT and TSMC for operations, analysis, and research; a rich environment for students to further their education; and, financial assistance for civil engineering students
ITS Evaluations Framework Phase 3
Funding: $128,537 CSR 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Ron Vessey
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
This project is the third phase of a project started in 2004 to evaluate WSDOT intelligent transportation system (ITS) projects as required by FHWA.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The project will:
• Document the technical and institutional issues and challenges of ITS projects and the processes by which project partners addressed and resolved these issues
• Identify the key characteristics of ITS applications that contribute to project success and conditions under which particular technologies are effective
• Make recommendations for current and future ITS projects based on lessons learned
• Increase industry knowledge of the benefits of ITS investments
Continuing Projects
Quantifying Incident Induced Travel Delays on Freeways Using Traffic Sensor Data (Phase 2) 
Budget: $75,000 SPR
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Bill Legg
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
From a combination of recent studies and analytical work, it is estimated that more than 50% of freeway congestion results from incidents. Particular attention should be paid to travel delays caused by non-recurrent congestion due to the fact that non-recurrent congestion may be effectively alleviated by cost-effective solutions through traffic management, control, and incident response. Since the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has accumulated a large amount of traffic sensor data and incident log data for freeways, quantifying the total travel delay associated with each major incident type becomes possible. The estimated travel delay induced by each type of incident can help the WSDOT understand incident impacts on travel time, estimate incident cost, and identify effective countermeasures against non-recurrent congestion on freeways. Objectives for the Phase II study include: (1) design an incident database for incident data management and quality control; (2) establish a knowledge base for real-time incident impact prediction; and (3) develop an improved travel-time calculation method by taking speed variations into account.
At the end of this study, the following products will be delivered in addition to the research report: (1) a computerized system for analyzing incident induced delay and for predicting incident impacts on freeway travels; (2) an incident database in Microsoft SQL Server for efficient data management and inquiries; and (3) an incident-induced delay knowledge base for various types of incidents.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Final objectives for this Phase II research are to develop a queuing-theory based algorithm for estimating incident-induced delay and a computerized system for automating the calculation process and predicating incident impacts on freeway travels in real time. Project deliverables are expected to assist freeway incident management and traffic operations.
Development of a Consistent and Reliable Statewide Traffic Datamart Based on Customers Needs and Expectations
Budget: $200,000 SPR 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Matt Neeley
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
This research targets improvements to data, data collection, and data management that will make WSDOT traffic data across the state better and more consistent. There are thousands of loop data sights in Washington State that are used for operations but not used for planning purposes because the accuracy does not meet the needed threshold. It is essential to improve loop data accuracy to make better use of existing loop detectors. Better data collection will improve operations and performance measurement. Being able to use all data stations will provide a wealth of information for better planning, project scoping, and it will also prevent the need for duplicate equipment, construction, and maintenance.
Currently, it is difficult to determine if the source data is “bad.” In fact, we have no commonly accepted definition of “bad” because it varies from user to user and because of the lack of ground-truth data at detector locations. This project will develop a method for loop data quality control and create a consistent or “platinum” data set based on customers’ requirements. Online ramp balancing will be used in this tool. The online ramp balancing will occur by first identifying good data stations and then balance all the stations off the good data stations.” Error propagation analysis may be used.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This project will develop an online analysis tool for identifying the operational state of data stations and potential uses of data collected by the stations. After assessment and analysis of sources an implementation process will be defined. This process will identify what WSDOT resources are needed to maintain and support collecting better data and providing consistent use of the data. It will determine the best method to detect loop malfunctions determine loop accuracy and notify of loops needing adjustment. This might include costs to have someone use the existing UW Advanced Loop Event Data Analyzer (ALEDA) system to calibrate loops or determine repairs. This will be presented to the research advisory committee and research executive committee. This effort will provide an easy method to prioritize repairs and maintenance of data stations.
Puget Sound In-Vehicle Traffic Map Demonstration
Budget: $675,000 Federal Earmark
Research Team: University of Washington 
Technical Monitor: Ted Trepanier
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
Traveler information and the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technology are considered to have benefit to both travelers and transportation agencies. Intellectually, the benefits of in-vehicle traveler information seem obvious. However, documentation of these benefits is difficult. This project will test the effects of in-vehicle traffic information and measure the benefits accruing from those devices. It will involve two different sets of analysis, one dealing with the benefits perceived by the traveler actually using the devices and the second dealing with changes in roadway performance occurring as travelers use the devices.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This study will provide better understanding of the value in-vehicle mapping devices and whether they help travelers avoid delay.
Efficient Incident Response Program Operations
Budget: $75,000 SPR 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Bill Legg
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
The current Incident Response (IR) program has four funded operational elements: the WSDOT IR program; the Washington State Patrol service patrols; contracted private tow company service patrols in the NW and Olympic Regions and; the contracted private media service patrol which operates in the Olympic Region. The total biennial cost for these four operational elements is over $6 million. The last evaluation of this program was in 1997 when the program was much smaller and less complex. That evaluation noted that there was no process in place to examine how and were the IR resources where deployed from a needs basis. Such a process still does not exist. Work is needed to insure that the deployment of all elements of this program is conducted in the most efficient way and based on some expected level of service on the road. The project includes a national review of the state of the practice, a detailed inventory of current program resources and operations, and a performance review of the four program elements.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The goals of the project are to develop a needs based system to guide the department on how to select the proper IR program elements based on desired costs and service levels and a methodology to help the department best deploy the IR program elements for the highest level of service at the most efficient cost.
Feasibility of Creating a Vehicle Length Classification Scheme
Funding: $425,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(192))
Research Team: SRF Consulting Group Inc.
Technical Monitor: John Rosen 
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
WSDOT created a vehicle classification scheme about 10 years ago based on vehicle length. The current scheme categorizes vehicles into 13 distinct classifications. The intent of this study is to verify that the traffic data WSDOT has collected and reported to date is approximately equal to the final classification scheme resulting from this study. This research updates WSDOT’s current length classification scheme. The basis of the current scheme needs updating. Many states are collecting length based classification data but few are collecting it using the same criteria. Agencies need to know the variability in their collection programs to better use the limited resources they use to collect length based classification data.
What We Hope To Accomplish: State DOT’s will use the results of this study to update computer chips in traffic counters, and the final product will result in a nationally approved length based classification schematic. We will establish calibration standards for vehicle length-based measurements.
Maintenance
New Projects
Equipment Corrosion 
Funding: $90,000 SPR
Research Team: TBD
Technical Monitor: Monty Mills
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
WSDOT equipment which is used for the application of chemical deicers is subject to corrosion at a much accelerated rate due to near constant exposure to these chemicals during winter storm events. The costs associated with equipment corrosion are substantial and include repair or replacement of corroded parts, premature failure, and replacement of worn out equipment. Additionally, the safety of operators and the traveling public is put at risk by the potential failure of components and/or entire units resulting from corrosion. There is a need to identify preventive maintenance techniques that can be used to preserve the quality and life of this type of equipment.
What We Hope to Accomplish: By identifying preventive measures and techniques, the service life of application equipment can be prolonged and repairs can be reduced, resulting in cost savings to the Department. By applying these measures across the state, regional budgets can be used for other costs associated with snow and ice program delivery, such as materials and labor, and a higher level of service can be obtained.
Roadside Design for Maintenance
Funding: $50,000 SPR 
Research Team: TBD
Technical Monitors: Ray Willard, Sally Anderson
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
WSDOT invests in roadside restoration when roadsides are impacted by highway construction projects. The annual amount varies with the construction program, but for every acre of disturbance WSDOT currently invests $80K to $120K in roadside restoration and planting. In 2006 approximately 70 acres of roadside were restored in urban areas and gateway interchanges in western Washington. For maintenance of vegetation in western Washington urban areas and gateway interchanges, WSDOT invests approximately $2 million each year and often falls behind on these tasks in tight budget cycles. The objective of this research is to provide recommendations for design and construction of projects that result in the best looking and functioning roadsides for the least amount of cost in initial construction and in maintenance over time.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Findings from the study would be used to make specific modifications or additions to the WSDOT Roadside Manual. Recommendations would also lead to refinements to roadside vegetation management plans.
Road Weather Information Systems Phase 5
Funding: $177,503 CSR
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Matt Neeley
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Several public travel-weather information resources have been developed at the UW in cooperation with and supported by WSDOT. These web pages have been run for several years and have become extraordinarily popular, with some receiving over 100,000 hits per day. The highly popular route-view web pages provide weather conditions on Washington’s mountain passes, and the Ferry Weather web page shows weather conditions over the State’s waterways and includes weather data collected on Washington State Ferries. Finally, WSDOT’s Traffic and Weather web pages provide extensive weather observation and forecast information for the traveling public. All of these sites rely heavily on data and model output provided and maintained by the UW, hence the need to continue funding.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Continual support for WSDOT’s traffic and weather web pages.
Continuing Projects
Determine Longevity and Cost-Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibitors and Deicer Performance
Funding: $450,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(035)) plus Western Transportation Institute funding Research Team: Western Transportation Institute 
Technical Monitor: Monty Mills
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Public agencies use deicing and anti-icing chemicals to achieve safe winter driving conditions. Some of these chemicals have a corrosion inhibitor included, which is intended to minimize the corrosivity of the chemical. Extensive laboratory testing has been done to ensure these chemicals meet specifications, but field verification is needed to determine the longevity of the inhibitor in the field (attached to the chloride). In addition, the performance of the deicers will be evaluated.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This project is intended to evaluate the longevity and cost-effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitors that are added to deicing/anti-icing chemicals and determine the field performance of the deicer/anti-icer.
Long-Term Corrosion Impacts from Highway Snow and Ice Control Chemicals and the Interaction of the Deicer with Concrete
Funding: $238,000 SPR
Research Team: Western Transportation Institute 
Technical Monitors: Rico Baroga, Monty Mills
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Several different types of snow and ice control chemicals are available for WSDOT maintenance to use to improve safety of roads under winter conditions. While the short-term operational costs of using different chemicals are fairly easy to identify, there is a lack of information regarding the long term costs of corrosion from chemical use. Corrosion impacts to motor vehicles, bridge structures, and steel rebar in pavements and bridge decks are of particular concern in this research. Also, we utilized the bridge and pavement samples in an attempt to determine the effect of the deicer on concrete.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Through this research, a better understanding of how the deicer chemicals interact with the steel and concrete infrastructure will be obtained. Depending on the outcome, changes may be made to the type of rebar used in bridges and pavements or to the type of deicer.
Pacific Northwest Snowfighters
Funding: $80,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(035))
Research Team: State DOT Partners
Technical Monitor: Monty Mills
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The Pacific Northwest Snowfighters (PNS) Association strives to serve the traveling public by evaluating and establishing specifications for products used in winter maintenance that emphasize safety, environmental preservation, infrastructure protection, cost-effectiveness and performance. The consortium is dedicated to the creation and maintenance of specifications for winter maintenance chemicals and the optimization of their application on the roadway.
What we Hope to Accomplish: The continued use of specifications and test procedures developed by the PNS for multiple states.
Pavements
New Projects
Determination of Optimum Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Density Based on Pavement Performance 
Funding: $250,000 SPR (combined with continuing project)
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitors: Tom Baker, Jeff Uhlmeyer, and Kurt Williams
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
This research is to identify the optimal target density for HMA mixtures and how best to achieve that target. This will help improve the performance of normal paving operations and possibly allow paving to be extended into colder weather. Researchers will use WSDOT’s pavement management system and the Statistical Analysis of Materials database as well as review specific pavement projects to reassess the current statistical specification and propose changes to enhance HMA performance.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The benefits are to improve the density of HMA and eliminate early HMA failures due to cold weather paving which will lead to longer service life. Results
Optimal Timing of BST's on HMA and BST Pavements
Funding: $80,000 SPR 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitors: Jeff Uhlmeyer, David Luhr
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The research objective is to develop a procedure whereby WSDOT can determine (over time) the optimal timing of Bituminous Surface Treatments (BST). Previous research determined the Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) threshold that we are currently using and modified the standard specifications of BST’s. The next step is to determine when the optimal time is to place a BST on an existing BST or HMA pavement. BST’s are seen as an effective and relatively inexpensive method of pavement surfacing. However, there is no reliable method to determine when the most cost effective (optimal) time is to apply a BST.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The benefit to WSDOT will be the improved cost effectiveness of BST pavement surfacing. This will result in better pavement performance and a more efficient investment scheme.
Determining Changes in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Circa 1990 to Present due to Changes in Pavement Technology
Funding: $80,000 SPR
Research Team: TBD 
Technical Monitor: Tom Baker
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Climate change will impact every facet of asset management at WSDOT. The lack of understanding of what contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) and how the changes made in pavement design, management, and construction can affect GGE need to be determined. We need to develop accurate measures of GGE, both circa 1990 (year referenced in the Kyoto Protocol) and the current year, so that we can determine the reduction in GGE from the measures already taken. Knowing the quantifiable changes will allow WSDOT to make informed strategic decisions on climate change and GGE.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The goal is to understand the effects of what we are doing on climate change and the creation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Continuing Projects
Concrete Performance Using Low Degradation Aggregate
Funding: $150,000 SPR 
Research Team: Washington State University
Technical Monitor: Kurt Williams, Mike Polodna
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Aggregate degradation of marine basalt materials, particularly Eocene Basalts, has been a recognized problem in the State of Washington since a published report by Carl Minor in 1959. As the low degradation materials are removed from the source and subjected to water, the interstitial basaltic glass that was created during formation becomes altered to a magnesium-saturated montmorillonite clay. Specification requirements for degradation of aggregates have been established for HMA and most aggregate products, but have not been established for concrete aggregate.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Establish a long-term evaluation program to study the effect of low degradation aggregate relating to the detrimental effect on concrete and implement a degradation specification for concrete aggregates. This information will allow us to produce long-lasting concrete pavements and bridges.
Best Practices for the Design and Construction of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements in Washington State
Funding: $180,000 SPR
Research Team: University of Washington 
Technical Monitor: Jeff Uhlmeyer
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
WSDOT desires to identify and quantify materials, design details and construction methods that (1) provide for the most efficient and effective use of public funds and (2) provide long-lasting high performance pavements. Key findings from this effort, identified as “best practices”, will help WSDOT form a comprehensive rehabilitation and reconstruction plan that uses the most effective set of design, materials and construction techniques possible for local conditions.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The research will enable WSDOT to make the best choice on the design and construction of concrete mixes for upcoming projects in the Puget Sound urban area. Implementation will be achieved through training and modified standard specifications or special provisions.
State Pavement Technology Consortium
Funding: $650,000 Pooled Fund (SPR-3(074))
Research Team: Various
Technical Monitors: Tom Baker, Jeff Uhlmeyer 
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Under this project, each state will create funding to allow technical staff and university researchers to participate in a series of project meetings focused on sharing information, identifying critical issues of mutual interest, developing plans for joint research and testing, and educating transportation professionals on the latest developments in the design, construction, reconstruction and maintenance of highway pavements. Various research projects have been conducted under this pooled fund and other pooled fund projects have spun off this group.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Continued sharing of research and technology to cost effectively address WSDOT’s research questions and knowledge needs about pavement.
Western Pavement Preservation Partnership (WPPP)
Funding: $80,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(137))
Research Team: TBD
Technical Monitor: Jeff Uhlmeyer 
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
The purpose of the WPPP is to provide a partnering forum for promoting effective pavement preservation strategies. This pooled fund will host a multi-day annual workshop for discussion and exchange of information and knowledge about each state's pavement preservation program, provide a means to define, support and share technology of mutual interest, and conduct special studies, investigations, research, and training.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This pooled fund will assist in determining effective pavement preservation strategies across the Western states.
Tire/Pavement Noise Research Consortium
Funding: $500,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(135))
Research Team: Illingworth & Rodkin and Transtec 
Technical Monitors: Tim Sexton, Jeff Uhlmeyer
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby
Research on low-noise pavement treatments and materials is beginning in earnest in a variety of states. This consortium will coordinate the sharing of research development, evaluation techniques, and study results, which are critical to reduce overall costs for key research pieces, reduce redundancy of effort, focus funding in the most needed areas, and find viable solutions that, can be implemented expeditiously for the highest number of states.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Provide ambassador tours, training, and pavement noise measurements for the partner states, improve the traffic noise model, and get a better understanding of the noise characteristics of pavements.
Pavement Tools Consortium
Funding: $970,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(090))
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitors: Tom Baker, Jeff Uhlmeyer
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby 
The Pavement Tools Consortium fosters the continued development and implementation of computer-based paving tools, such as: Pavement Interactive, Pavement Guide, Virtual Superpave Laboratory, Media Library, HMAView, PMSView, Stockpile Blender, XPactor, and EverFE. The major focus of the pavement tools is the enhancement of pavement-related training and construction operations through the Pavement Interactive (www.pavementinteractive.org).
What We Hope to Accomplish: Creation and continued use of the Pavement Interactive for education, training, and efficient information sharing.
Pavement Reconstruction Scheduling Software
Funding: $1.2 million Pooled Fund (SPR-3(098))
Research Team: University of California Berkeley
Technical Monitor: Jeff Uhlmeyer
Research Manager: Kim Willoughby 
This consortium was formed through the State Pavement Technology Consortium (SPTC) to develop a software simulation tool which can be used to consider pavement design options along with construction scheduling, resource constraints, traffic management, and user-delays. The CA4PRS software is a construction and scheduling analysis tool to make sound construction project management decisions at each stage of the highway rehabilitation project: planning, design, and construction. The software can estimate how much pavement can be rehabilitated or reconstructed under different traffic closure strategies with given project constraints of pavement design, lane closure tactics, schedule interfaces, and contractor logistics and resources.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The software is already in use and helps project managers determine what type of lane closures and pavement design options work best for a given roadway project. The project team is currently developing online training materials for the software.
Planning
New Projects
Northwest Transportation Consortium Climate Change
Funding: $100,000, Pooled Fund (TPF-5(191)) and $100,000 UTC Match
Research Team: PSU/ORTREC and U of Alaska/AUTC
Technical Monitor: Anne Criss 
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
The purpose of this study is to pool regional resources to conduct research and develop improved methods of dealing with problems resulting from climate change in planning, design, construction, maintenance, management, and operation of transportation systems of common concern to the four Northwest states.
The objective of this research project is to conduct a preliminary assessment of the risks and vulnerabilities climate change poses to the surface transportation infrastructure system in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska region.
What We Hope To Accomplish: This research will provide a baseline assessment of climate change impacts and issues affecting transportation in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. This research will identify critical infrastructure that climate change impacts and provide a preliminary risk characterization and vulnerability assessment for Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The research will clarify how regional climate change will affect the physical condition and serviceability of the regional transportation system. The project will address the nature of the changes and their potential impacts on the regional surface transportation system. The results of the project will create outreach materials designed to inform and educate transportation leaders, agencies, professionals, and students.
Impacting Vehicle Miles Traveled Through Coordinated Transportation Investments 
Funding: $139,000 SPR
Research Team: Lawrence Frank, Urban Design 4Health
Technical Monitors: Paula Reeves, Brian Lagerberg, and Charles Prestrud
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
The purpose of this research is to study the unique measures of and relationships to land use and travel patterns and estimates of CO2 emissions in the Central Puget Sound Region. The research builds on work underway in King County, Washington and the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, including the development of neighborhood urban form measures and estimates of CO2 and criteria pollutant emissions. This research proposes to develop indices based on best available survey, inventory, and project level data for use by WSDOT and other transportation providers in corridor planning, modal planning, development of investment strategies, and VMT reductions strategy development. In addition, the research will outline barriers and identify policy implications.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This research will help determine the most productive combinations of services and infrastructure in urban areas, suburban areas, urban fringe areas, and rural locations in terms of VMT and GHG reduction. This research is to provide the information necessary to make investment trade-offs and design decisions that will help reach the VMT reduction goals established by the Washington State Legislature and the Washington State Department of Transportation.
Scenic and Recreational Highways – Scenic Area Definition & Analysis
Funding: $15,000 Client Sponsored 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Paula Reeves
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
Washington’s Scenic and Recreational Highway System is based on information collected through an original “visual quality assessment” or corridor review, conducted in 1962. Similar assessments or reviews were conducted at least three more times before 1990. These assessments gathered and compiled important information about portions of the Scenic and Recreational Highway System. New data and new technology exists today that needs evaluation to confirm the original assessments and strengthen the foundation of the Scenic and Recreational Highway System.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This research develops a GIS data set and “Stewardship Index,” to aid in benchmarking, tracking, and measuring stewardship of the Scenic and Recreational Highways consistent with objectives identified in WSDOT’s Scenic and Recreational Highways Plan. The resulting data set and map will provide a first step to measuring the program’s stewardship related efforts and investments to protect, preserve, and enhance resources associated with the scenic routes.
Continuing Projects
HOV Action Plan: Phase 1
Funding: $222,000 SPR 
Technical Monitor: Charles Prestrud
Principal Investigator: University of Washington
Research Manager: Doug Brodin
The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate HOV system improvements. Many freeway HOV segments in the Puget Sound region now fail to meet the adopted speed and reliability standard. The result is decreased person throughput, reduced transit efficiency, and diminished incentives to commute via HOV modes. WSDOT needs to develop a plan that responds to these growing problems by identifying methods for improving HOV system performance.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The intent is to develop an action plan that guides improvements to the freeway HOV system. The objective of the action plan is improved HOV system performance.
Design Safety Studies
CTR Survey Processing
Funding: $45,000 CSR 
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Keith Cotton
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
State law provides that a commute trip reduction plan include an annual review of employee commuting and reporting of progress toward meeting the single-occupant vehicle reduction goals to the county, city, or town and be consistent with the method established in the commute trip reduction plan. The law also requires doing a survey of work sites to determine whether they are making progress or have met the law’s reduction goals.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This survey provides an annual review of employee commuting at worksites and reporting of progress toward meeting the single-occupant vehicle reduction goals to the county, city, or town consistent with the methods established in the commute trip reduction plan. This information is critical to evaluate programs and progress toward goals.
Construction Traffic Driver Behavioral Study
Funding: $70,000 CSR 
Research Team: Washington State University
Technical Monitor: Stan Suchan, Janice Helmann
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
This study consisted of a survey of Washington State residents in the greater Seattle area to determine driver behavior during major highway construction closures in urban areas.
During major highway closures in the Seattle-area, a significant percentage of drivers temporarily change their travel behavior, dramatically reducing the number of vehicles on routes where construction is occurring and notably increasing traffic on alternate routes. Traffic and transit data analysis determine that some drivers shift their travel schedule, route and mode, but complete data was unavailable to understand the actions the majority of drivers took during closures.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The information from this survey research is helping decision makers understand what actions the majority of drivers take during construction closures, why they take these actions, and if these actions are sustainable in providing long term congestion relief.
Safety
New Projects 
Design for Ferry Loading Dolphins
Funding: $400,000 SPR, Alaska DOT and Alaska Transportation Center
Research Team: University of Alaska
Technical Monitor: Tom Bertucci
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
This research is collaboration between Alaska Department of Transportation, the Alaska University Transportation Center, and Washington State Department of Transportation to mitigate the uncertainty and confirm the assumptions on the appropriate load demands on ferry terminal landing structures. The “wingwall” structures accept the ferry vessels during the loading/unloading of passengers and vehicles.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The research will provide valuable information to ensure safe and efficient designs of ferry berthing and landing facilities. The results will be used in the design of future ferry landing construction projects.
Safety Analysis on State Highway Network
Funding: $100,000 SPR
Research Team: Penn State 
Technical Monitor: Pat Morin
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
This research will conduct a detailed analysis of all non-interstate highways on the Washington State network and will analyze collision histories to identify the highest priority locations to strategically target investments. A detailed top priority list will be identified for every non-interstate functional class along with potential improvement strategies.
What We Hope To Accomplish: This research will provide the analytical tools to strategically invest safety funding in locations on the state highway system that have the best chance to reduce collisions.
Collision Analysis Training
Funding: $60,000 SPR
Research Team: TBD 
Technical Monitor: Dave Olson
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
With more emphasis on developing targeted improvements within the Safety Improvement program (I-2) there is a growing need to analyze collision experience and select appropriate countermeasures. While new tools have been developed to aid designers in this effort, there hasn’t been a specific training effort to educate designers on how to use these tools in conducting a project level collision analysis.
What We Hope to Accomplish: This training will provide transportation professionals with the knowledge they need to understand the WSDOT safety improvement program, identify trends in data and select appropriate countermeasures for funding.
LiDAR for Data Efficiency 
Funding: $100,000 SPR
Research Team: University of California-Davis and University of Washington
Technical Monitors: Mark Finch, Roger Caddell
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of mobile Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology to determine if deploying it for use in collecting transportation data and other business operations would improve efficiency and accuracy.
What We Hope to Accomplish: A cost benefit analysis will be conducted from a field test which will allow decision makers information to use in considering whether to purchase and implement the new technology into WSDOT business practices.
Continuing Projects
Crash Testing Concrete Barriers with Large Scuppers
Funding: $95,000 SPR
Research Team: Texas Transportation Institute 
Technical Monitor: Rod Erickson
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
Precast concrete barriers are regularly used along highways to reduce accidents. The location of the barrier can affect roadway drainage, resulting in a need for complex collection and dispersion systems that require treatment of the water prior to its discharge. Openings in the barriers or “scuppers” allow the drainage to sheet-flow off the roadway, which allows for the water to be filtered through roadside vegetation. However, there is uncertainty as to whether this type of scupper design may impact the barrier’s performance.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Crash testing will be conducted on barriers with scuppers to confirm their ability to withstand collisions. The desired result is a barrier design that allows for highway water runoff to sheet flow and also protects the public from roadside hazards.
Roadside Safety Research Program
Funding: $1.1 million Pooled Fund (TPF-5(114))
Research Team: Texas Transportation Institute
Technical Monitor: Dave Olson 
Research Manager: Rhonda Brooks
WSDOT is leading this pooled fund project to cooperatively identify, analyze and develop solutions for roadside safety problems with the goal of reducing the loss of life that occurs on highways each year as a result of roadside crashes. Alaska, Louisiana, Minnesota, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Texas and California are members of the consortium.
What We Hope to Accomplish: Pooling our resources with other states provides the opportunity for analysis and testing of roadside features that are of common interest and therefore the research is conducted in a timely manner and at a lower cost to each member of the consortium.
Transportation Demand Management
New Projects
Measuring Employer-based Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Strategies 
Funding: $90,000 SPR
Research Team: University of South Florida
Technical Monitor: Brian Lagerberg
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist
This research seeks to develop a process for estimating how implementing a particular TDM strategy or mix of strategies affects the travel time, delay, and speed in specific corridors. The proposed research will use employer data from the CTR program and employee mode choice data collected by the CTR program to estimate the impacts of the TDM strategies. This information combines with data such as infrastructure for alternative modes collected by WSDOT, transit agencies and Census data to estimate changes in trip generation and mode split between home and workplace.
What We Hope to Accomplish: The end result will be a data format or interface for use by MPOs and RTPOs as part of their transportation system planning models used in the region to allow the estimation of TDM’s impacts on travel time, delay, and speed in specific corridors through those existing models. The Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) at the University of South Florida will produce the final report and hold a streaming media presentation on the project.
Safe Routes to Schools Phase I and Phase II
Funding: $110,000 Pooled Fund (TPF-5(172))
Research Team: University of Washington
Technical Monitor: Charlotte Claybrooke
Research Manager: Kathy Lindquist 
This project serves the development of programs to ensure safe school-related travel and help prioritize and select safety enhancement projects around schools. In recent years, the rate of active transport to schools has declined dramatically. Traffic volumes and speed associated with school environments have worsened over the past decades. Increasing numbers of children driven to schools by their caretakers has contributed to worsening traffic congestion and increases in obesity and respiratory diseases related to poor air quality. Consensus is developing across the nation to reverse these trends by allowing children to walk and bike to and from school. While the proportion of children and young adults involved in fatal or injury producing collisions has decreased over the past decade, we know little about the relative safety of the children’s commute to school.
What We Hope To Accomplish: The objectives of this project are 1) to provide future school route safety enhancement programs and Safe Routes to School programs guidance to assess the risk of collisions and thereby address unsafe conditions on a proactive basis; and 2) to ensure safe, effective, and healthy travel for children and young adults attending schools.